Explain the Skills Needed to Communicate with Children and Young People Essay

You have been elected to be communication champion for your school. At the next staff meeting you are asked to explain the skills that staff need in order to communicate effectively with children and young people. Use the table below to record your thoughts and consider what each skill means in practice. Skill needed to communicate effectively with children and young peopleIn practice this means†¦. †¢Find opportunities to speak to children. †¢Give eye contact and actively listen. †¢Use body language and facial expressions, and be approachable. †¢React and comment on what they are saying. †¢Be interested, responding and questioning to maintain conversation.†¢Give children suï ¬Æ'cient opportunities to talk and express themselves as they may lack confidence when speaking to adults. †¢Often children feel that you are not listening if you do not give them eye contact, make sure that if they are talking you give them your attention. †¢When speaking to small children get down to their level, smile nod and make appreciative noises to assure them that you are interested in what they have to say. †¢Repeat back to the child to ensure your understanding, this way you can correct incorrect language without them feeling like they are wrong. Also comment on their statement so they feel you are interested in what they have said. †¢It is important for children to experience the norms of holding a conversation so they can build up their understanding of how it works. Encourage them to ask questions and suggest ideas.

Antitrust: Cartel and Federal Trade Commission

The purpose of this paper is to discuss antitrust law with regard to federal regulations. In the form of a case study, this paper will examine the legal obstacles faced by the merger proposal between US Airways Group Inc. and American Airlines' parent corporation AMR. The focus of the paper is to examine the legal hurdles posed by antitrust laws used to block the merger and then briefly explore possible ethical issues associated with allowing US Airways Group Inc. and AMR to merge. Antitrust Laws There are three core federal antitrust laws in effect today in our US legal system.They are the Sherman Act, The Federal Trade Commission Act, and the Clayton Act (â€Å"Antitrust†, n. d. ). The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act, July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U. S. C.  § 1–7) is an antitrust law primarily aimed at prohibiting the formulation of monopolies by making them a felony offense. As the Sherman Act evolved the US Supreme Court decided that monopolies in and of themselves are not bad and do not automatically violate the Sherman Act. Instead, it is the particular actions taken to obtain or maintain monopolistic positioning that is illegal (â€Å"Sherman†, 2008).The Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U. S. C.  § 45: US Code – Section 45: Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission) has a primary duty of prohibiting actions within commerce that are deemed unfair to competition (â€Å"15 U. S. C.  § 45†, n. d. ). The Clayton Act (15 U. S. C. A.  § 12 et seq. [1914]) is an addition to the antitrust laws primarily used today to prohibit certain types of business practices making them illegal when their usage severely restricts competition and/or creates a monopoly.The practices specifically addressed in the Act are price discrimination, making it illegal to sale the same product to different people in the same market at different prices; tying and exclusive dealing contracts, making it illegal to forbid a shopper from shopping with competitors; corporate mergers, the acquisition of competing head to head companies by one company; and interlocking directorates, the members of which are common members on the boards of directors of competing companies (â€Å"Clayton act†, 2008).The Enforcers The federal antitrust laws are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. They both open up and conduct antitrust investigations. In situations involving the airline industry the Department of Justice has jurisdiction in matters pertaining to antitrust laws. There are other regulatory agencies that also must give approval before certain mergers can take place. In these instances The Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice provide support to the agencies. Individual states may also work in conjunction with the two federal agencies to enforce its state's antitrust laws.Additionally, the states can file antitrust lawsuits on behalf of it s citizens or the state. This is usually done through the state's attorney general office. Individuals and businesses can also initiate antitrust complaints and file suits to have the antitrust laws enforced (â€Å"The federal government†, n. d. ). Mergers Section 7 of the Clayton Act addresses the antitrust laws concerning mergers. Mergers are not inherently bad or illegal. So long as the merger doesn't cause a significant increase in prices, a serious reduction in quality of goods and services, and doesn't deter innovation.Mergers become a problem when they significantly lessen competition or lead to a monopoly. When head to head competitors propose a merger it will usually sets off antitrust alarm bells that most likely will lead to an investigation by one of the federal agencies (â€Å"Mergers†, n. d. ). External Obstacles In 2005, US Airways and AMR publically proposed a merger that was met with a great deal of resistance. The government has the responsibility to regulate mergers to ensure the merger doesn't violate antitrust laws.This merger had to be reviewed by several agencies such as the U.S. Justice Department, the U. S. Department of Transportation, the Air Transportation Stabilization Board, the Security and exchange commission, and U. S. Bankruptcy Courts. This was a very high profile merger proposal and it was met with a great deal of opposition (Cobb, et al. , 2006). The airline eventually won Department of Justice approval but had to agree to give up some airport slots to clear antitrust concerns. Both airlines agreed to the terms in order to keep the merger proposal alive (Majcher & Russell, 2013).Because of a Philadelphia to London route the proposed merger also had to gain some clearance by the European Commission. The airlines once again agreed to give up the route to alleviate any international anti-competitive effects (Knibb, 2013). Ethical Concerns The Department of Justice and six state attorneys-general together filed a suit against the merger arguing that the merger would lead to an increase in airfare, in fees, and also limit choices also the merger agreement will cost workers jobs as American Airline was forced to relinquish hub status at several airports.This merger really benefits the two airlines but leave hundreds of workers out of jobs and taxpayer subsidized airport infrastructure customizations will lose return on investments (â€Å"The airline mergers†, 2013). Higher airfares as a result of the merger would put the merger in violation of antitrust not only would it be illegal but it can also be considered unethical. Conclusion There are laws in place to protect consumers and businesses from anticompetitive behavior. They are called antitrust laws (â€Å"antitrust laws†, n. d. ).When US Airways and AMR announced their intention to merge into one company the merger deal was scrutinized by the Department of Justice and regulatory agencies to see if the merger violated any anti trust laws (Cobb, et al. , 2006). The two airlines were forced to agree to certain concessions in order to gain the approval of the federal government, regulatory agencies and courts (Majcher & Russell, 2013). This paper doesn't show any evidence that the merger was unethical however, many interested parties attempted to block the merger on the grounds that the merger would give the company an unfair advantage over rivals and passengers.

‘Hoods’ a Drama Production

The performance ‘Hoods’ by Barking Gecko Theatre Co. is a play about two young children, Jessie and Kyle, who create video game style situations to pass the time as they are left in the car by their mother. This play was performed at Thornlie Senior High School’s Performing Arts Centre on Friday the 1st of April 2011. It was a great honour to have this brilliant play shown to the high school students as it showed perseverance of the young children. The play was written by Angela Betzien and directed by Leticia Ca’ceres. The actors were Sam Longley and Andrea Gibbs, Sam who played Kyle and Andrea who played Jessie. The style in which the play was performed was presentational although there are some parts of realism because situations like these actually do happen. The actors played multiple characters and morphed into each one. The morphing shows visible changes of character. They had great versatility of characters and played each one with passion for the role. The facial expressions they used seemed to add to the way they acted and made us, as an audience believe their roles much more. Other presentational aspects include the use of direct address and poetic narration throughout the performance. Jessie and Kyle’s mother leaves them and their baby brother (Troy) in the car as she went to the shops. Troy get sick and the children are fearful of their situation and go off to seek their grandmother. Their mother hadn’t actually forgotten about them but rather had been caught shoplifting for them and was taken away. The themes for ‘Hoods’ would be child neglect, poverty and domestic violence. The playwright had the intention of telling these children’s story to the audience. As children they don’t have the ability to tell people their situation and get help like adults can. The intentions would be that they wrote the play with the intention of showing powerlessness, and making the characters feel vulnerable as they are so young and in situations we don’t expect children to be in, they delivered these very effectively. There are three main parts of the play where they are powerless, when the children are in the car trying to find their mum, when the counsellor has no power to take the children out and treat them and when the mother is powerless against the father’s violent ways. Their costumes were old and shaggy due to their setting being dirty and poverty stricken. They both wore hoods which they either wore on or off their heads, depending on what character they were playing. The set contained very few objects, a box that acted as a car, the fence and some chairs. This added to the deserted feel of the play. The lighting was dark with the main lighting in the middle, where most of the action took place. There were also few props, the baby, Jessie’s ‘magic’ wand and even though it was clothing, Jessie’s jacket as it was something she never took off, like her comfort blanket. There were different sounds throughout the performance, such as, cars, sirens, explosions and dogs barking. The stage at the high school was quite spacious giving the actors a chance to use it all, which they did perfectly. I really liked the performance, it was interesting and compelling. There was action, comedy and tragedy which all added to the performance’s appeal. It did start to get slightly boring toward the end but it think that was because it was quite long, but overall very good. I think most of the audience liked it due to the attention they payed and the amount of applause at the end. I would definitely recommend ‘Hoods’ to anyone looking for a great play to watch.

Cloud Computing and Security Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cloud Computing and Security - Term Paper Example On the other hand, when more critical information of corporations and individuals is stored on corporate cloud framework, fears are starting to elevate regarding just how protected an arrangement it could be considered. In addition, storing a large amount of data creates a circumstance similar to keeping massive funds, which means drawing additional normal attacks from increasingly experienced and extremely provoked invaders in computing environment. Accordingly, communication security is a particular concern which users contemplate when thinking about using cloud computing structure (Binning), (Hanna) and (Marston, Li and Bandyopadhyay). This paper will discuss the security issues in cloud computing enveironment. Security Risk and Cloud Computing While building safe and protected IT systems, organizations typically have to face a lot of customary security and privacy management issues and challenges on the other hand in case of cloud computing there is an additional extent of menace dues to the fact that in cloud computing environment necessary services are frequently subcontracted to a 3rd party security management. In this scenario, the â€Å"external existence† feature of subcontracting or outsourcing enables the tough hold up to data integrity, privacy, maintain data and service accessibility, and exhibits conformity. In addition, cloud computing transfers a great deal of the operational and security management control over data and business functions from customer business to their cloud service suppliers. In this scenario, a great deal of similar businesses hand over some part of their information technology working aspects and processes to outsourcing businesses. However, the fundamental jobs like that implementing patch technologies and installation and configuration of system firewalls are included in the responsibilities of the cloud service supplier, not the end-user of cloud services. In addition, users should build strong interactions with their contributors and stakeholders as well as recognize threats regarding how these cloud service suppliers apply, organize and administer security on their own. In this scenario, the idea â€Å"trust† describes the association between cloud service suppliers and users and it is important for the reason that the client users are accountable for conformity and safety of their important business and financial data, yet if that particular burden has transferred to the cloud. Moreover, a number of businesses select mixed or private paradigms over open clouds due to the threats linked with the process of services subcontracting (IBM), (Shen and Tong) and (Sumter).

Juvenile Court Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Court Comparison - Essay Example They also say that drug addicts start taking drugs at 13 or 14, but only come to the rehab centers when the situation becomes grim or out of control. This is because they start taking drugs recreationally and by the time they start having problems and decide to seek help it takes time. Unlike social drinking which doesn't affect one's lifestyle, there is nothing like social drugs because substances like cocaine and heroin are very addictive and illegal. The problem arises because most youngsters believe they won't get addicted not realizing that with drugs like cocaine and heroin it's very easy o get hooked on. And when they get addicted the trouble starts to unfold and slowly indulging in criminal offences comes into the picture. When they are arrested for their illegal activities they are sent to the juvenile courts which is basically a civil system and "separated into three types: independent and separate courts, part of a family court and unit within a trial court" (Miriam Van Waters, p. 299). Independent courts act separate from other courts and are found in Connecticut Rhode Island and Utah. States like Alabama doesn't have independent and separate courts. ... Juvenile courts are very much different from adult courts. The main purposes of these courts are to make children understand what's good for them, realize the meaning of life and respect the constitutional laws and abide by it. The main purpose is to protect/treat children to bring a positive change in them and throughout the country except in some states like North Carolina, New York, Arizona, etc., has no specified lowest age limit for jurisdiction. Alabama, Alaska, Florida, etc., are some of the states that have no specified lowest age limit for jurisdiction. Juvenile courts proceeding are less formal and private unlike adult courts where proceedings and hearings should be followed in a formal and public. Further more the proceedings of juvenile courts are kept private and are not released to the press and the proceedings are considered as not criminal. They don't have a right to jury trial and open admission of guilt is more common. In most cases the courts give a chance to improve/treat a child's behavior. Psychiatric Society agrees that 16 is a very young age to get into drugs, but says when you enter college you gain a lot of freedom, are at an impressionable age and get sucked into the wrong crowd. If parents suspect that the child is in to something they talk to him or her. The teenager will definitely deny it, but parents should firmly talk to the child, maybe not at that time, but later on you may not realize how dangerous the situation is and need to take the child to a doctor or a psychiatrist for a check up or counseling. Get him/her professional help. A psychiatrist and his team are well qualified to help a child if a rehab is not immediately available. It's advisable to take the

Human computer interaction Annotated Bibliography

Human computer interaction - Annotated Bibliography Example Selection scheme tests showed the amount of buttons and kind of pointing device to select text. Icon tests showed the optimal shapes for recognition. Graphics tests showed that the line drawings interface needed revision. The focus was on basic users of computers who relied on recognition largely. The system was to be kept as simple as possible so that learning did not pose much of a problem. The studies conducted were largely qualitative in design except for the selection schemes that were tabulated statistically in terms of errors during usage. Even the statistical portions of the study were not well documented enough to warrant sturdy critique. The study is largely irrelevant in terms of HCI today as the study represents basic and early developments in HCI. The paper can however be considered to be watershed as it addresses major questions for development of user interfaces. The results of the paper are also significant as modern trends in user interface creation are similar to th e findings of the paper. Moreover the paper displays some bias as it only investigates a limited number of human cognition areas. The total study spanned six years and multiple tests which indicates that more issues could have been addressed. The paper is highly relevant to HCI as it represents the trends in the early development of HCI in general and the early development of graphical user interfaces in particular. The paper represents a shift from qualitative investigation methods to quantities methods. In itself this paper is symbolic of the transformation from qualitative investigation to quantitative investigation in the field of HCI. The paper is also reflective of how small segregated development has helped to make HCI and user interface design what they are today. Bush The author of this paper is a respected scientist in the scientific community of the Allies. The paper is set in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War and the author concentrates on the large amounts of learning and research produced during the war effort and the inaccessibility posed by the large volumes of information available. Towards the middle the author begins to envision the kind of devices required to access the large banks of information with the greatest convenience. The idea is further developed to envision a device resembling a modern computer in principle but differing largely in terms of design and operability. The author is confined to the use of hardware based techniques to achieve large advances in user interfaces. The chief methodology utilised by the author is speculation based on advances in user interfaces and HCI as far as the Second World War. The excessive utilisation of speculation as the chief method discounts the credibility of the paper to a large degree. The author’s findings are nothing more than mere ideas with little practical ground to bank on. The paper cannot be declared to be a watershed as there is little evidence that the advances i magined by the author were put to practical use immediately. Instead the evolution of HCI and user interfaces went through multiple other stages before it got to its current state. The paper can be related in its speculation to modern technology especially for indexing although the author’s methods for indexing are irrelevant today. Moreover the compression of data speculated by the author is highly relevant to ground realities today although again the author fails to provide any real solutions for it. The study is biased towards qualitative speculation rather than taking facts and building on them. There is not quantitative data or research anywhere in the paper at all. The paper can be seen as very early attempts at envisioning modern user interfaces

Scottish & Southern Energy plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scottish & Southern Energy plc - Case Study Example "SSE's strategy is to deliver sustained real growth in the dividend payable to shareholders through the efficient operation of, and investment in, a balanced range of regulated and non-regulated energy-related businesses. The successful implementation of this strategy in 2006/07 delivered another year of excellent financial performance, with profit before tax exceeding 1 billion for the first time, and strong operational performance, with our policy of responsible pricing helping us to gain more than one million additional customers" (Miranda.com, 2007). "We are committed to offering customers a combination of price, service and products which will enable us to achieve further growth during the rest of the financial year and beyond" (Ian Marchant, as quoted by Hamish Rutherford, The Scotsman, 2007). Scottish and Southern Energy plc, believe that the company's rapid growth has been due to a consistent and continuing focus on four essential areas: the maintenance and investment in present energy networks; continued investment in SSE's "leading-edge portfolio" (Annual Review, 2006, p.1); increasing and developing energy supply; and through the development of a strong presence in businesses such as gas storage, contracting connections, and telecoms. As a result of the achievements and progress made within these central goals, the company's 2006 reported its financial performance, with adjusted profit before tax, as being at approximately 858.2 million (Annual Review, 2006). Scottish and Southern Energy was formed in 1998, following the no-premium merger of Southern Electric and Scottish Hydro Electric, and required Connect South West contracting business just a year later. Following this Scottish Hydro Electric Contracting was launched, while by 2000, the company had acquired the energy supply business, SWALEC, it had completed its 50% investments into the Seabank 2 gas-fired power station, and the number of customers had exceeded more than four million. Then, in 2001, SSE began operating Cuilieg, the corporation's hydro election power station - it's first in forty years - and in 2002, the company's Annual Report showed profits of some 597.2 million (Annual Report, 2002). SSE's growth continued in 2003, the year in which the company acquired Neos Telecom, and customers passed the five million mark. It was also during this period that Scottish and Southern Energy announced its plans to construct the Glendoe hydro-electric power station, while also acquiring the balance of equity for the

Marketing Environment of Walker Crisps Case Study

Marketing Environment of Walker Crisps - Case Study Example Findings, analysis and the key issues will be highlighted. When an individual is dealing with the market there are some issues that are considered and they include things like the potential markets and the consumers and the driving forces behind sales trends and the strengths and weaknesses in market. In the 1880s, the director R. E. Gerald helped the meat industry that was falling to come up with an alternative industry and that is how walker crisps began by a man known as Henry Walker. At the present time the owner of walker is Frito-lay (Andrews, 2004) the advert by Gary in 2000 was the 9th best commercial television of all time. The authority said that the TV Commercial and poster viewers make unjustified claims on health regarding the new recipe for crisps. The TV commercial also featured that the saturated oils were reduced by 70%. According to Graham Cash Macgregor chairman, the reduced salt and saturated oil makes the walker crisps better. Cash challenges walkers by saying that 8% of the salt is contained in the crisps for adults. According to a new walker's TV advert, 100% of the walkers crisps are made from British purely formed potatoes and they demonstrate the commitment of walker's to produce quality and also to the industry of the farming. Gary explains that the weather of the British helps in the growth of British potatoes that makes the perfect good quality of walkers' crisps and hence making of these quality crisps. Alongside the advertisement from the TV, the spending of the market has included advertising from outdoor and also practical demonstrations in UK at the events that are across and also giving hands on to consumers on how crisp are created up to the pack from spud. The saturation of walker crisps is reduced such that a bag contains a gram less of the

Globalization. Its Positive And Negative Effects Essay

Globalization. Its Positive And Negative Effects - Essay Example It is not possible to define Globalization in terms of integration or internationalization as has been suggested by some theorists. Globalization describes the interplay within cultures of macro-social forces (Basu 2008, p.29). Such forces include politics, economics, and religion. Discussion Globalization can universalize and erode a local group’s characteristics. It has significant social, business and economic implications. Major factors in globalization are Advances in telecommunications infrastructure and transportation including the emergence of the Internet. They generate further interdependence of cultural and economic activities. Since the mid 1980s use of the word globalization has been on the rise; further, environmental challenges like cross-boundary air and water pollution, over-fishing of the ocean and climate change are associated with globalization (Zurich, Cairns and Ramaphosa 2000, p.219). Globalizing processes are affected by the natural environment, work an d business organization, socio-cultural resources, and economics. Globalization is a process that leads to some substantial changes for businesses and markets to address the expansion of trade in services and goods between countries, increased labor migration levels, internationalization of services and products and development of global brands. Globalization also leads to increased labor migration levels, changes in consumption and production such as the expansion of off shoring and outsourcing of support and production services. It also leads to the entry of nations into the worldwide trading system including former nations of the Soviet bloc and China. A major outcome of globalization is the growing inter-dependence of economies. For instance, most countries in the world depend on each other for macroeconomic health, and economies of newly industrializing countries are growing faster than rich developed nations and they are winning an increasing share of world trade (Stiglitz 200 3, p.39). In 2000, the IMF; International Monetary Fund named four primary aspects of globalization; investment and capital movements, transactions and trade, dissemination of knowledge and movement and migration of persons. With regard to transactions and trade, developing nations increased their share of global trade, from 1971’s 19 % to 1999’s 29 %. Nevertheless, there is massive variation among key regions. For example, the NIEs; newly industrialized economies of Asia succeeded, but African nations as a whole did not prosper. The makeup of a nation’s exports is a vital indicator for success. Manufactured products exports soared, dominated by NIEs and developed countries. Commodity exports, such as raw materials and food were commonly produced by developing nations. As a result of this, investment and capital flow can be identified as another primary feature of globalization. The movement of Private capital to developing nations soared in the 1990s, replacing development or "aid" assistance which dropped substantially after the early 1980s. FDI; Foreign Direct Investment became the most vital category. Bank credit and portfolio investment increased although they have remained volatile, falling steeply in the wake of late 1990s financial crisis (Basu 2008, p.30). The movement and migration of individuals can also be identified as an important aspect of the process of globalization. Between 1965 and 1990, the migration of labor forces approximately doubled. A lot of migration occurred between LDCs; Least Developed Countries and

Db5 hhrr Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db5 hhrr - Research Paper Example This involves removing the employee from the organization’s list of workers. This form of punishment should be used only when the mistake done by an employee is grave or when they have been warned about their mistakes severally. Yet another punishment that employers can impose on employees is suspension (hr.ubc.ca, 2013). As opposed to termination, when an employee is suspended, they are relived of their duties and seize to enjoy some of the benefits and privileges they previously enjoyed temporarily. The employer can also demote an employee for the mistakes they commit. When an employee is demoted, they lose some of the privileges they previously enjoyed and have their pay cut. This type of disciplinary action is also severe and should be reserved for serious cases. Instead of issuing such weighty disciplinary actions against an employee, an employer may issue a warning to an errant employee. The warning should carry weight and should serve to deter the employee from engaging in further inappropriate activities. Warnings should always be issued privately and should be accompanied by counselling aimed at instigating improved performance (entrepreneur.com, 2013). An employee can also be assigned an unpleasant task as a disciplinary action (hr.ubc.ca,

How temperature affects resistance on a piece of wire Essay Example for Free

How temperature affects resistance on a piece of wire Essay Graph: When I come to collect my results I will need to plot a graph, I shall plot temperature (i C) along the X-Axis and Resistance (? ) along the Y-Axis Safety: To keep my experiment safe I need to be safe around the kettle, to do this I will wear goggles to avoid hot water splattering into my face, make sure I have a decent sized work area so no-one knocks the kettle over. I will keep the batteries away from the water to keep them from short circuiting. Method: 1. Get a piece of enameled copper wire and cut it to a length of 10m using wire cutters. 2. Strip the enamel of each end with wet and dry paper 3. Check a current runs through the wire 4. Assemble the circuit as per the circuit diagram 5. Get ice in the water and lower the temperature as low as possible, take the first reading 6. Add hot water and take readings up until 100 i C (if possible) 7. Repeat the experiment after disassembling it and using new leads, multi meters, crocodile clips etc. Conclusion: The graph displays a strong linear correlation which is directly proportional: the higher the temperature, the higher the resistance. This is because as the temperature increases the atoms gain more energy meaning they vibrate more which leads to the atoms crystal lattice absorbing electrons thus making it harder for electrons to travel through the copper wire. The gradient of the line of best fit (on the hand drawn graph) is 1. 07645 this tells us that equation of the line is: y = 1. 07645x +c (the intercept) My data shows me that the data could support a few lines of best fit, I have used excel to plot a scatter graph using the mean from all 3 sets of data and have used a logarithmic trend line which is obviously far better than just drawing one The equation for this trend line is: Y = 0. 0203x + 5. 0224 The Equation for my trend line (on my hand drawn graph) is: Y= 0. 025036 This tells us that mine is probably a bit too steep compared to the one on the computer. The error bars are quite large, this tells us that my recordings were not very accurate or each time I changed the equipment the resistance in the wires etc varied a lot (I believe this to be the case). However for each set of data the differences between temperatures seem to be quite similar so I believe my method was quite reliable. I plotted a line graph on excel, for each line the data was 1 set of results, I wanted to see how the equations differed. This gave me a good idea of how reliable the results were. 1st set of data: y = 0. 0204x + 5. 0838 2nd set of data: y = 0. 0207x + 4. 976 3rd set of data: y = 0. 02x + 5. 0074 The gradients are very similar to each other and are only a couple of decimal places off each other. This shows that the repeats were very reliable. The intercepts are quite close to each other, not as near as the gradients but pretty good thus meaning the measurements were precise. Evaluation: The equipment I used is only accurate to a certain degree and higher precision and accurate equipment could be obtained but obviously this is not available to me. A water bath for getting the temperature spot on would of increased precision of the readings. A more expensive multimeter would probably be more accurate in its reading due to its better calibration. The techniques I used allow for precise results however I think the enamel on the copper wire needs to be fully removed to the point where the wire has zero enamel on it as it might affect resistance; to do this I could use a Bunsen to burn it all off. My graphs show me the error bars are quite large in places and small in others, this means that my results have not been very precise in the middle range of the graph, at the 2 extremities the range bars are very small and precise. I believe there is an anomalous result at the 80 i C Result it seems to be very off from the rest of the results, none of the range bars are even on the line. With better experiment technique and better equipment Im sure that the results would be much more precise. It would be interesting to cool the copper wire to its critical temperature thus demonstrating superconductivity. Unfortunately copper is not a superconductor this is because copper electrons cannot cooper pair because coppers tightly packed lattice constrains the vibrations needed for cooper pairing to take place. These characteristics are also displayed in gold and silver. According to the trend line calculated from the means copper would be no conductivity at -247i C it would be interesting to test to see if there is any resistance at this temperature adding this to a the graph. I think it would have been better to have a larger range of results so maybe 100i. C to 100i C using liquid nitrogen to cool it down to that temperature. This would be at 20i C increments. I am quite confident in saying that my conclusion is accurate in the point that it declares that resistance is affected by temperature in a directly proportional way. The precision of my instruments makes me doubt the exact measurements I have taken, the thermometer is accurate to i 1i C. The multimeter is accurate to i 1mA however I highly doubt its precision (i. e. its not calibrated accurately).

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay Example for Free

Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay Drug abuse and addiction are a major burden to society. Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume productive lives. So what is drug abuse and why do we became addicted to certain drugs? Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise abuse, sexual activity and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its normal functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying tenor of depravity and sin) have been modified with increased understanding; with the introduction of new drugs, such as cocaine, that are psychologically or neuropsychologically addicting; and with the realization that its stereotypical application to opiate-drug users was invalid because many of them remain occasional users with no physical dependence. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term â€Å"substance abuse† is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. There are many different types of drugs you should be aware of. Some are prescribed, others are known as club drugs, illicit or illegal substances, and some are called designers drugs. They include: Antidepressants, Barbiturates, Cannabis, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Narcotics, Steroids, Stimulants and Tobacco.

Behavior and performance of the individual

Behavior and performance of the individual INTRODUCTION A group is defined by Ivancevich et al (2008) as two or more individuals interacting with each other to accomplish a common goal. Groups are important aspect of work pattern of an organization (Mullins 2002) and a part of modern life (Ivancevich et al 2008). A group can be formal or informal (Armstrong 2009). Informal groups according to Newstrom (2007:277) Are established by the organization and have a public identity and goal to achieve while formal groups emerge on the sense of common interest, proximity and friendship. Informal groups are set up by the organization in other to achieve organizational goals while formal groups are set up by individuals for the purpose of satisfying the needs of its members (Armstrong 2009). The group used for the purpose of this study is the formal groups. This study will analyze the impact the group has on the individual, factors affecting the behavior of the individual, human relations theory and the factors affecting the behavior and performance of the individual in the group. IMPACT OF THE GROUP ON THE INDIVIDUAL The performance of a group depends on how well its members engage in communication with each other or interacts with each other and also on how the individual learns in the group (Mullins 2002). Mullins (2002:465) argues that how people behave and perform as members of a group is as important as their behavior or performance as individuals. Usually, lack of interaction between the individual and members of the group will have effect on the performance of the group as well as the individual in the group and result to lack of satisfaction for the individual (Mullins 2002). It is believed that the group generates better ideas than the individual does, by drawing resources from individual members of the group (brainstorming), the group thereby brings in more ideas and input into decision process than a single person can (Robbins 2001). In one of my experiences in a group I learnt that groups can be rewarding to the individual because an individual can actually learn from other members of the group. I joined a decoration group in my church and we were told to decorate the church for a program, we all had our ideas on how we want the decoration to look like but instead of pursuing personal goals we brought our ideas together and we came up with a better idea and I also learnt things I did not know before, also I found the experience challenging because I had to think beyond what I know in other to be able to contribute but at the end I left with more knowledge than I went in with. It is also believed; however, that group ideas can hinder creative thinking, in other words, individuals will ignore their idea in other to conform to the idea of the group (Mullins 2002). For example, as a member of a group of four in one of my classes in Salford University, we were asked to solve a particular question, we were different people with different beliefs, attitudes, perception, culture and behavior, however, three out of four were in agreement but one particular person in the group had a different idea from what the rest of us had and was trying so hard to convince us which was impossible because it was one against three, in other to avoid conflict the individual had to ignore the idea and agree with that of the group. Groups bind the individual and members of the group in togetherness and in other to be in togetherness, individuals have to see themselves as members of the group and not isolate themselves in other for them to achieve the goal of the group and also to meet their needs (Robbins 2001). Huczynski and Buchanan (2007) discussed the work of Tayfel and Tunner (1986) who argued that as long as individuals see themselves as more important than the group the group cannot function effectively. However, It is believed that individuals have different needs or reasons for joining or been in a group and it can be the need to fulfill social needs, achieve group goals or to derive greater economic benefits or for social security reasons, which is believed that groups can serve as a medium of meeting these needs of the individual (Ivancevich et al 2008) and in other to remain a member of the group and to meet these needs the individual must set aside their personal goal to achieve the groups goal ( N ewstrom 2007). FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR There are different types of ways of explaining the behavior of the individual in a group; they are Perception, Attribution, Orientation, Role and branded rationality (Armstrong 2009). Perception is one way of explaining the behavior of an individual in a group. Perception according to Maund (2001: pg 444) is the process by which individuals interpret sensory impression so that they can assign meaning to it. Perception is when an individual gives meaning or interprets the things happening around them and people tend to perceive situation that satisfies needs, emotions, attitudes or their self concept (Ivancevich et al 2008). Members of a group can see the same thing or be in the same situation but their interpretation of the situation will be different from each other based on how they see it (Mullins 2007). Attribution according to Luthans (2002:197) refers to how people explains the cause of anothers or their behavior. Attribution can be the way people interpret the situation they are in (Armstrong 2009). Attribution can lead to conflict in a group because the way one person see things (perception) may not be the same way another sees the same thing (Armstrong 2009). While Orientation can be said to be an individuals attempt to make sense of life which can be different from that of the group (Armstrong 2009). Role is the part played by the individual in caring out their duties (Armstrong 2009). There is a particular role expected from the members of the group once they have lived to the expectation of the role then it is believed they have performed their role successfully and it is believed that this role shapes the individuals behavior (Armstrong 2009). While branded rationality can be said to be the ways individuals understands how complicated the situation they are in is and their reaction to the situation limits the way they behave rationally (Armstrong 2009). Huczynski and Buchanan (2005:279) discuss the work of Marion Hampton (1999)who argues that groups are seen as taking over the individuals mind, depressing intelligence, eliminating moral responsibility and forcing conformity, they can cause their members a great deal of suffering and despair and can perpetuate acts of cruelty. There are various factors affecting the individual in the group, But before explaining that we are going to analyze a theory that explains what effect a group has on the individual. HAWTHORNES THEORY (Human relations approach) The theory that explains the effect of groups on the individuals behavior and performance is the Hawthorne experiment of the human relations theory written by Elton Moyo (Mullins 2002). The experiment is called the bank wiring observation room experiment; the experiment was carried out on 14 men who were organized into three subgroups which contained three wires, a supervisor and an inspector that moved around the group (Moorhead and Griffin 1995). After the study there were two major findings; The level of interaction that was observed among the men showed the existence of informal groups within the three groups and, It was also revealed that these groups develop norms or rules that guides behavior and also set structures to enforce the rules (Moorhead and Griffin 1995) The hawthorns researcher found that the group established a level of output for its members (Mullins 2002). They found out that the group did not produce up to what they are capable of producing; they produced below their capability which had effect on their earning because their output was low(Moor head and Griffin 1995). The group produced a specific level of output for its members which are the only accepted level of production, in other to be accepted the individual has to slow down production when getting close to the accepted level of production in other not to over produce (Moorhead and Griffin 1995). Moorhead and Griffin (1995) discuss the work of Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) who points out that The social organization of the bank wiremen performed a twofold function which is to protect the group from internal indiscretions and to protect the group from outside interference. Moorhead and Griffin (1995) also points out that almost all the activities carried out by the group can be said to be a means of controlling the behavior of its members. The research shows that peer pressure has more effect on the individual than things that may encourage the individual and forces of control or orders from management, individuals would rather do things required by the group than doing things that would encourage or reward their actions (Mullins 2002). This theory shows how working in a group can be both challenging an rewarding for the individuals which leads us to the factors affecting the performance and behavior of the individual in the group. FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE IN THE GROUP Group norms Norms according to Greenberg and Baron (2008) can be defined as the generally agreed upon informal rules that guides the behavior of the members in a group. Norms influence group behavior and refer to what should be done and also represents value judgment and appropriate behavior in social situations (Psyblog 2010). Norms are of great importance to groups in controlling behavior and in measuring performance (Hanh 2007). Groups have norms that are set to guide members behavior (Greenberg and Baron 2008) and also to reduce ambiguity in terms of behavior that are of importance to the group (Rollinson 2005). Norms are set up in groups which the individual must conform with and groups have ways of making the individual conform to such norms (Rollinson 2005). Norms keeps the group functioning as a system instead of as a collection of individuals and members of the group come together to achieve a common goal instead of pursing individual groups (Hanh 2007). Groups do not set rules or norm for every situation but only set rules for situations that are of importance to the members of the group which could be in relation to their job or how they communicate with each other or with others outside the group (Hanh 2007). Group norms makes life predictable, individuals know what is expected of them, know their roles and how much time to spend in the execution of their job, know the values and beliefs and the image of the group, and subscribe to the norms of the group (Rollinson 2005). Norms are usually assessed to know if group members are interacting with each other which can be rewarding and which gives the individuals a sense of belonging (Heathfield 2010). Group members come together to develop the group norms which gives the individual a feeling of belonging, sense of identity and feelings of security because they were part of the making of the rules (Brooks 2005). Norms are believed to be of importance because some members may harm the project or the success of the group with their behavior or action unintentionally but if there is agreed upon framework of interaction, misunderstandings and negative conflicts in the group can be prevented (Heathfield 2010). However, group norms can have negative effect on the individual (Armstrong 2009). According to Psyblog (2010) who argues that groups rarely come up with great ideas because the individual in them are powerfully shaped by group norms and the rules of what people are and how they must behave it is believed that changes are hard to spot unless they are carefully measured, individuals deny their own beliefs, ideas and senses just to conform with the groups even if they are wrong (Psyblog 2010).it is believed that, Norms serves as a form of constraint to the individuals, it hinders them from thinking freely because they would not want to think outside the group norms or the groups way of doing things, individuals can not pursue their personal goal, can not see things from their point of view because it might clash with the goals of the group (Psyblog 2010). Social Support Social support according to Dalgard (2009) is receiving help from other people when in need of help. An individual can receive support among groups of people who have a similar problem to what they have and in their relationship with others be it their family or friends (Curtis 2009). Curtis (2009) argues that if you have a support network you will not feel as alone; you will learn new ways to deal with your problem and may try harder to overcome it. Group members can serve as as a source of support, advice and encouragement to an individual facing any difficulty and also the individual can be a source of support to the group (Curtis 2009). Individuals in a group can benefit from the members of the group while members who are not part of the group cannot enjoy such benefits, having friends to talk with, to gain insight from, to listen to during times of need or borrow money from, all this are forms of support (Scott 2007). Social support makes the individual safe and gives them a feeling of being loved and cared for (Rollinson 2005). In one of my experience when I was writing my final dissertation for my bachelor degree, I wrote on the societal support for the elderly people in my community and I had the privilege working with the elderly people in that community and I found out that most of them lack social support from their family and friends, in other to feel loved, feel secure or have a feeling that they belong they had to join a group with the believe that the group would be able to meet their needs. Peer Pressure Peer pressure is another factor that has effect on the behavior of the individual in the group. Peer pressure is when other people impose pressure on a person (Nemours 2010). Peers have influence over others, by listening to other people a person learns from them and they also learn from the individual (Nemours 2010). Some individuals usually join groups in other to fit in, so in other to fit in the individual goes along with the idea of the group and sets aside their idea and go along with the groups idea to avoid being bullied by the other members of the group (Nemours 2010). However, peer pressure can have a positive impact on the individual because it can push the individual into doing the things they have no courage of doing or talking the individual out of doing things thats not in their best interest (Wilmer 2010). Individual Accountability Individual accountability can be defined as an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for ones action (McDaniel 2007). Individual accountability is a foundational component as it evaluates an individual core competence, strength and weaknesses (McDaniel 2007). Its the individual taking responsibility for their action in carrying out their duty or them being accountable for their duties (McDaniel 2007). The individual must be accountable for achieving its goal and for its contribution to the group, individual accountability occurs when performance is assessed and the result are given back to the group and the individual in other to ascertain who needs more support, encouragement and assistance (Cooperate learning center 2009). Accountability is not to punish mistake or to generate immediate result but to ensure the individual gives all their best in the achievement of goals and behaving responsible to one another (Luthans 2002). By empowering them over job pe rformance and then holding them accountable for the outcomes (Newstrom 2007). Conflict Rollinson (2005:401) defines conflict as the behavior of an individual or a group when purposely sets to block or inhibit another group or individual from achieving its goals. Competition is one of the main causes of conflict in a group, when the members of a group are in competition against each other it can lead to conflicting interest (Rollonson 2005). Some groups encourage competition because they believe that when members of the group compete against each other it will result to successful performance or quick performance but mostly it might lead to conflict (Rollinson 2005). However, Vodosek (2007) argues that Researchers have noted that high level of task conflict can lead to reduced member satisfaction and commitment to the group Individual have different interest, skills, personality and attributes which may act as cohesion or a clash in the group (Brooks 2009). Some individuals tend to work towards achieving personal goals by doing so they tend to ignore the goals of the group and focus more on achieving their personal goals which might lead to conflict in the group (Newstrom 2007). CONCLUSION It can be assumed that, groups have both positive and negative effect on the individual, and for the individual, being a member of a group can be rewarding as well as challenging as working alone. Working alone as an individual might lead to a quick decision making but working in a group can lead to a more effective decision making, because it is a group of people with different ideas, perception, attributes and behavior coming together to form the group (Rollinson 2001), also the individual can also learn from the other members of the group. However, it is believed that there is no ideal individual for a particular job, that no individual can have all the necessary qualities needed for a job but a group of individuals can, and when they come together with their different qualities it can lead to a successful decision making (Antony Jay, cited by Mullins 2002). REFERENCES Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 9th edn, Kogan Page, London. Brooks, I. (2009) Organizational Behavior: Individual, Groups and Organisation, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Cooperative Learning Center (2009) Cooperative Learning Co-operation.org www.co-operation.org/pages/cl.html#accountability [Accessed 10/03/2010]. Curtis, J. (2010) Support groups and social support Yahoo.com health.yahoo.com/mentalhealth-treatment/support-groups-and-social-support/healthwise-ug4350spec.html [Accessed 11/03/2010]. Dalgard, O.S. (2009) Social Support: Definition and Scope Euphix.org www.euphix.org/object_document/o5479n27411.html [15/03/2010]. Elizabeth Scott, M.S (2007) Social Support: The Hows and Whys of Cultivating a circle of friends About.com Guide stress.about.com/od/relationships/a/circleoffriends.htm [11/03/2010].s Greenberg, J., Baron, R.A. (2008) Behavior in Organizations, 9th edn, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Hahn, M. (2007) Group norms in organizations ArticleGratuits.com www.en.articlesgratuits.com/group-norms-in-organizations-id1546.php [15/03/2010]. Heathfield, S.M. (2010) How to develop group norms About.com Guide humanresources.about.com/od/teambuilding/ht/group_norms.htm [15/03/2010]. Huczynski, A. A., Buchanan, D.A. (2007) Organizational Behavior, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Ivancevich, J M, Konopaske, R, Matteson, M T (2008) Organizational Behavior and Management, 8th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Newyork. Luthans, L. (2002) Organizational Behavior, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill, Newyork. Maund, L. (2001) Introduction to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice, Palgrove, London. McDaniel, D. (2007) How Important is Individual Accountability www.everyjoe.com/articles/how-important-is-individual-accountability-198/ [Accessed 10/03/2010] Moorhead, G. Griffin, R.W. (1995) Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizationa, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Mullins, L. J. (2002) Management and Organizational Behavior, 6th edn, Pearson, Harlow Nemours (2010) Dealing with peer pressure Kidshealth.org kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/emotion/peer_pressure.html [13/03/2010] Newstrom, J. W. (2007) Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work, 12th edn, McGraw-Hill, Newyork. Psyblog (2010) Why group norms kill creativity, Spring.org.uk www.spring.org.uk/2009/06/why-group-norms-kill-creativity.php [Accessed 11/03/2010]. Robbins, S.P (2001) Organizational Behavior, 9th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Rollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour Analysis: An integrated Approach, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow. Vodosek, M. (2007) Intergroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group, International Journal of Conflict Management, Volume 18, Issue 4 Wilmer, D. (2010) The difference between negative and positive peer pressure About.com Guide parentingteens.about.com/cs/peerpressure/a/peer_pressure.htm [Accessed 23/03/2010].

Coal Legislation :: essays research papers

Coal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coal is a fossil fuel- hydrocarbon containing natural resource, much like petroleum or natural gas. It is extracted from the Earth by strip mining or underground mining. It is a readily combustible black sedimentary rock, which is one of the three main rock categories. Coal is composed of carbon and hydrocarbons, in coordination with other elements. It is the leading source of electricity the world over. It is estimated that half of the world’s electricity is powered by coal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coal mining in the United States is recorded to have first occurred in Virginia when 50 tons were purged from the earth in 1748 (coaleducation.org). Today, all of the states with coal deposits have produced coal at one point in America’s history as America produces over one billion tons of coal per year. Similar to the cash crops of cotton and tobacco, the business of coal mining has greatly effected the historical development of the Unites States in terms of economic growth, technological advancements, global recognition and even physical expansion. The mining of coal was one of the draws that enticed Americans to travel west and expand the United States. US coal production has reached record levels, but not all coal producing States have shared in this growth. The peak coal production in some States occurred many decades ago, whereas in other States the coal industry has been revitalized in recent times. These changes reflect shifts in the use of coal ove r the years. The legislation pertaining to coal issues has effected many aspects of American life including Manifest Destiny’s expansion westward, the federal ownership of coal lands, mine safety and health, labor issues and eventually pollution and social responsibility (bydesign.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coal lands â€Å"in the public domain were governed by special legislation and were not subject to the same right of location as hard rock and petroleum deposits,† according to Utah government archives. In 1866, Congress decreed that coal bed land be sold to the highest bidder at $20 an acre. In 1873, Congress limited purchase amounts to 160 acres for individuals, 320 for associations, and 640 for associations who had already spent at least $5,000 in improving a coal mine. In doing so, Congress paved a path for railroad companies to own coal land in Utah, which provided a lucrative mixture of business ventures. This also marked the start of federal coal land ownership legislation and the introduction of mining camps, which would later incite health and safety legislation (archives.

Computer Simulations of Physics :: Physics, Computers, Applications, Technologies

Computer simulations are used very much in physics. Simple ones are used to do demonstrations of basic mechanics problems that would not normally be possible. Complex ones are used to simulate problems involving fluids, plasma, and turbulence. Some of these simulations are so complicated that entire installations are dedicated to them. There are many different applications of physics simulations. Almost all things in physics can be demonstrated. However, many of these things are much more fesable to simulate rather than to a physical demosntration. Many mechanics problems fall into this category. While bringing a pool table into the classroom is nearly impossible, running a computer program that simulates balls on a pool table is no problem. Also, with a computer program it is possible to simulate ideal situations, with frictionless surfaces, massless wires, and no air drag. Computer simulations also let us examine situations that are unlikely, but still demonstrate the basic laws of mechanics. Very often, computers are used to simulate complex systems in physics. Two systems that computers are very often used in studying are plasma and turbulence. Computer simulations are used extensivley, if not almost exclusively. Many plasma simulations such as those shown above are simulations of plasma in a Tokomak, a fusion reactor. They are simulated because large amounts of computer time are still cheaper than building a working reactor. Turbulence Computers are also used for numerical analysis of turbulent flows in fluids. Often, a point-by-point substiitution into the Navier-Stokes Equations (below) will be used. Most simulation of physics is done solely for research.

china :: essays research papers

China’s Three Gorges: Before the Flood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China’s Three Gorges Dam is the largest project in history since The Great Wall. When the dam is completed twelve years from now, it will be the most powerful dam ever built. The dam will stand 607 feet high and more than a mile wide., equivalent to 18 nuclear power plants. At peak load, 26 turbines will generate 18,200 megawatts of electricity It will create a reservoir 370 miles long, with a system of locks designed to bring prosperity through maritime commerce to China’s interior( Zich 8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the inhabitants of the Yangtze River will be forced from their ancestral homes and farms. Many of the cities along the rivers bank will be devastated. Half the people destined to be moved are farmers. The reservoir will take up as many as 240,000 acres of farmland. Some of the inhabitants of the region are in favor of the dam and believe it will help future generations, while others believe the dam will destroy much of the cultural and historical value of the area. Archaeologists estimate that some 8,000 unexcavated sites will be lost forever in a tomb of water and sediment. ( Zich 20)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Yangtze River has shaped the landscape of China over of the centuries and has created different cultural and territorial boundaries. The river and tributaries encompass over 700,000 square miles. The river divides China into northern and southern regions. It separates cultural and religious differences and matters as simple as culinary tastes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Three Gorges region represents one of the true seats of Chinese civilization. In this region history intersects with myth. The river and the region have many religious and metaphorical connotations. The gorges were supposedly created by a folk hero, Yu. With the help of a troop of dragons, reconfigured China’s hills and valleys to drain the land and make it habitable for humans. (Zich 21) The gorges have inspired artists and poets to create and reflect on the remarkable landscape of the Three Gorges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along the banks of the Yangtze River many factories and mills deposit pollutants which flow throughout the region and away from the Three Gorges region due to the powerful nature of the river. Many opponents of the dam warn that the Three Gorges reservoir will turn into a huge cesspool.

New friends vs Old friends Essay

Friendship is one of the most important relationships of people in their daily lives. It’s certainly a blessing if you have a lot of friends in your life. People make friends because they want to interact with someone who has the same interests and share their experiences and feelings. Some people think it is more important to keep one’s old friends than it is to make new friends. However, in my opinion, I cannot agree with this view one hundred percent, I think making new friends is also important in my life. First of all, encountering a new environment is a big challenge for many people. They will face a lot of troubles when trying to adapt to this new circumstance. Making new friends is a way that helps people to deal with those problems. For example, when I was a freshman in university, I felt strange about everything on campus since the campus is much larger than my high school. At that time, I made some new friends in my classroom. We often do some interesting things like playing electric games, hiking and fishing. Thanks to my friends, I had an exciting first year in my university and I did not felt frustrated any more. Secondly, making new friends is a good chance to practice social skills. In modern society, no task can be done by a single person. More and more business require people who not only specialists in their fields, but also skilled in social interaction. Given the need for collaboration, social skills and team spirit are necessary qualities for any successful person. Through the process of making new friends, we could learn how to catch people’s attention, how to introduce yourself, how to start a conversation, how to be a good listener and how to pursue common interests. The social skills will be a foundation stone in our successful career life. Thirdly, even though you have a great deal of friends, it doesn’t mean you have good quality friends. The best friendships are the ones that nurture you and help you grow to be a more complete person. Perhaps you have not met those one or two key friends who â€Å"get† you and will help you to feel comfortable. Therefore, don’t be afraid to get out and meet new friends, because one of them might unexpectedly change your life for the better.

Workplace Racial Profiling

One of the fundamental rights any individual has is not to be prejudiced against in the workplace. Regrettably, though, reality does not comply at all times with the law; people maintain to be prejudiced against in many ways. The most important reason for all these problems is the discrimination. This inequity at work will not die out by itself. The eradication of discrimination, particularly racial profiling in the workplace, needs purposeful, focused and unfailing efforts as well as policies by all parties involved over a constant time. In times gone by, a remarkable boost in employment population has been occurring. Ever since the early history people of different culture and race have played a derivative role wherein these individuals were and still are perceived as less than the ideal employee. Diversity is significant in the workplace; it connotes differences, difference of race, age, religion, sex, and culture etc. People having diverse demographic differences working as one in the organization makes diverse workforce. And it is turning out to be more significant for the organizations to recognize these differences and manage it.   Diversity is the frequent issue in the workforce atmosphere, in a number of companies employees frequently get discriminated due to the diverse features. So it is significant to manage the diversity workforce to value most excellent performance. Most significant aspect nowadays is to train the managers to manage the diverse workforce. Employing associations appoint in workplace racial profiling to manage workplace traditions. Firms rationalize monitoring as well as regulating employee look through claiming that they have to present to their clients a professional-looking personnel or one that attracts customer preferences. Recognizing the ideal workers as well as preserving a standardized business culture has turned out to be increasingly difficult in the aggressive, culturally-diverse market (Edley 2003, p172). Businesses face challenging demands of inevitability and modernism, which necessitates them to optimize effectiveness of construction and delivery procedures while concurrently expanding new services and products. Racial profiling is classified to members of ethnic or racial minority groups who are beleaguered as probable suspects for precedent or potential crimes. Those who employ in workplace racial profiling validate their practices with a fixed purpose to defend people from the expenses of deviance; the consequences of being wrongly accused of an offence are more unconcealed and discriminating than the costs of having one's managerial obligation called into difficulty or exhibit choices restrained. As the companies of these days are getting more diverse, the necessity of workplace racial profiling is mounting. All nations are having more diverse workforce daily. So it is turning out to be significant for the companies manage the diversity to acquire better results out of employees. Organizations should recognize that competing productively in the new global marketplace will require more than the up-to-the-minute technology, most proficient production processes and products. With the aim of ensuring consistency, solidity, and control whilst executing this multifaceted business strategy, a lot of firms strengthen their efforts to draw and keep persons who obey the rules to the business customs and have the quality of an ideal employee. Simultaneously, firms aspire to augment employee diversity to meet the terms of lawful pressures, business forces, and ethical demands to build up workers from a variety of civilizing backgrounds. These challenging desires for inevitability (via traditionalism) and modernization (via diversity) generate tensions in several organizations around recognizing the ideal workers. Many managers answered this diversity issue with the claim that discrimination is wrong, both morally and legally. But nowadays, managers are voicing a following concept too. A more diverse workforce will augment organizational efficiency. It will raise self-esteem, bring greater entrà ©e to new-fangled segments of the market, and improve production. Companies leading the way in diversity management discovered that by means of embracing the elements of cultural and ethnic diversity in their workforce they have improved their capability in understanding and tapping new markets, in and abroad. While the decree forbids prejudice rooted in status identities, courts have repudiated to develop the compass of anti-discrimination decree within the administrative centres to forbid workplace policies that set demands on identity performances. By failing to give lawful protection based on identity performance, courts present employers unencumbered judgment to build up apparently unbiased workplace policies that place an encumber on minority employees and offer means for prevailing groups to target minorities in violation minority employees' rights. All want to eradicate the uneven treatment of people in the workplace. One technique that can be used to hold up equal opportunity would be to initiate legislation to guarantee equivalent pay for equivalent work. The problems associated with this resolution would be enormous. How would citizens gauge the value of a person’s labour to another’s? Who would make a decision to this and how would it be put into practice? People’s attitudes toward their co-workers in the workplace are gradually starting to transform. More opportunities emerge for employees nowadays than ever before. The imbalanced treatment will take years to change in the workplace, but change is actually taking place. This subject will remain until people treat each other equally, based on their skills. Time and again, regrettably, reality does not constantly act in accordance with the law – as people have perceived, people maintain to discriminate other people against in diverse ways: they have less access to the labour market, they earn fewer than the said ‘ideal workers’ and they constantly bump heads against the â€Å"glass ceiling† in promotion pursuit (Litvin 2006, p75). There are many remedies into the workplace that have tried to deal with workplace racial profiling. Though there are many improvements for profiling in the office, there are several inequalities. Remedies are considered necessary to secure all employees an equal role in the workplace. Gender parity can be attained. This can occur when all change the attitudes of all to each other. When all achieve that then everybody else can achieve gender fairness in the workplace. References: Edley, C. (2003). The New American Dilemma: Racial Profiling in the War on our Freedoms: Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism. Richard C. Leone & Greg Anrig Editions. pp170 73 Litvin, D. (2006). Diversity: Making Space for a Better Case.   Handbook of Workplace Diversity. Alison M. Konrad, Pushkala Prasad & Judith K. P

Methamphetamine abuse

Methamphetamine abuse is a major problem in the United States, as it increases spreads from Western parts of the country to other parts. With its root in the Hawaii, it has gradually spread to the Southern and Mid-west part of the states; and is increasingly associated with unsafe and frivolous behaviors that predispose to transmission of infectious diseases like hepatitis B and C, and even the dreaded virus, HIV.   Of course, the later condition makes it more worrisome for the government, health care workers and Drug agency. It is associated with brain damage, serious cardiovascular disorder, behavioral changes, psychotic symptoms, depression, and deleterious effects in pregnant women. This is a situation where an individual consumes methamphetamine in quantities that are above a therapeutic abuse, without prescription, and for unsolicited personal gains. It presents with short term gains such as euphoria accompanied by rush, high level of activity and increased attention. Methamphetamine is used as therapeutic drug in attention deficit syndrome, and is used to treat narcolepsy, a sleep disorder. Methamphetamine is a Schedule II stimulant. This implies that it had a high addiction tendency and increased potential for abuse. Although it is only available through a prescription that can not be refilled, it is abused by many within the country. Most of these are man aged 18-25white. Etiology The cause of this abuse can not be divorced fro the use of drug for personal or group work. In most cases of abuses [ if not all], methamphetamine is taken as a   neuroactive stimulant to produce short term effects in the individual. Such effects include: euphoria, rush, increase rate of breathing, Increased attention and concentration, Increased activity and wakefulness, reduced appetite and decreased fatigue. It also increases libido. These short term advantages are associated with a good feeling in the user. Besides, it does not last long enough, and as a compensatory mechanism, methamphetamine drub users and chronic abuser engage in continual use of drug, increased consumption frequency. Sometimes, they take high dose of the drug to increase the effect of the drug on their behavior such as improved sexual performance, better attention and increased tendency to work better and more effectively. Methamphetamine comes in a variety of forms. It can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested. The method that is adopted by a region depends on the cultural behaviour with respect to other abused drugs and the pattern of choice has changed over time. Of these methods, smoking is commonest because of its faster rate of absorption into the brain to produce the desired effects. One other factor that contributes to Methamphetamine abuse is that it is e readily available at local clandestine laboratories. Although it is manufactured by foreign specialized laboratories, the ingredients for its manufacture are readily available over the counter at affordable prices; as a result, it is produced for local use. This contributes greatly to its widespread use. Pathogenesis Methamphetamine is similar to amphetamine but they do not share essentially the same properties of site of action. It is particularly similar to dopamine structurally. Its primary site of action is the brain.   Although t shares certain similar behavioral and physiological effects with cocaine, it is different from it in its mechanism of action. It has a high retention rate in the body. This implies that is not readily eliminated from the system via excretion or detoxification in the liver. Since its primacy site of action is the brain, its absorption and long stay in there increase its stimulant action. Central to this action is the fact it increases the levels of the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in emotional motivation, pleasure, and motor function.   Methamphetamine blocks dopamine re-uptake, while increasing the release of dopamine, leading to much higher concentrations in the synapse, which can be toxic to nerve terminals. This has an implication in chronic abusers, their increased frequency of consumption or ingestion of higher concentration potentates these effects and makes dopamine readily available for its deleterious effects on neurons. Clinical Features The symptoms of methamphetamine abuse and sign elicited on examination arise from the euphoria of short term effect, and the toxic effects of dopamine by virtue of long term use. The short term effects have been mentioned earlier. The long term effects are usually negative: one of such is addiction. Association with chronic consumption of the methamphetamine is increased tolerance for the substance. This creates a preparatory ground for addiction. Other symptoms seen in chronic abusers of methamphetamine include anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, and violent behavior. They also can display a number of psychotic features, including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions.   Memory Loss, Aggressive or violent behavior, Mood disturbances, severe dental problems, Weight loss also form part of features seen in this category of people. Treatment The alarming rate of spread of methamphetamine indulgence across the nations is worrisome for health care providers. It is equally a headache for every member of the community interested in safe sexual behavior, peace and progress; those averse towards violence and communal clashes which have been associated with methamphetamine abuse. In the midst of this sad picture emerges the god news that methamphetamine abuse can both be prevented and more interestingly treated. Since the disorder includes brain damage which presents in functional and behavioral disturbances, the treatment options available are targeted at these. Treatment of methamphetamine intoxication is primarily supportive. Treatment of methamphetamine abuse is behavioral; cognitive behavior therapy, contingency management, and the Matrix Model have proven effective. Treatments by use of drugs are under investigation. REFERENCES Winslow BT, Voorhees KI, Pehl KA., Methamphetamine abuse. Swedish Medical Center Family Medicine Residency, Littleton, Colorado 80121, USA. http://www.drugabuse.gov/about/organization/cewg/pubs.html. http://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Methamph Injury associated with methamphetamine use: A review of the literature Hawaii Med J. 1997;56:34–6, 44. [PubMed]; Murray JB. Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. J Psychol. 1998;132:227–237. †¦ www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1448174 Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. From: The Journal of Psychology | Date: 3/1/1998 | Author: Murray, John B. †¦ www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20565391.html Thomas Ernst, PhD, Linda Chang, MD, Maria Leonido–Yee, MD and Oliver Speck, PhD Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/6/1344 Methamphetamine Abuse During Pregnancy: Outcome and Fetal Effects BERTIS B. LITTLE, MA, PhD, LAURA M. SNELL, MPH and LARRY C. GILSTRAP, III, MD ttp://acogjnl.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/4/541   

Effect of pH on Invertase Activity

ABSTRACTInvertase is a type of enzyme, a natural catalytic agent for biochemical reactions, can be obtained in Baker’s Yeast. Determination of the effect of pH on invertase activity is the primary objective of the experiment. Dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) Assay method is utilized to monitor the enzymatic activity of invertase. Invertase was subjected to different pH (3.87, 4.0, 5.5, 7.3 and 10.55) of buffer solution and was observed under 540 nm absorbance using spectrophotometer. After observation and analysis, a peak (optimum pH) was observed by plotting absorbance versus pH.INTRODUCTIONEnzymes are proteinaceous catalysts, which speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction. They reduce the activation energy that is essential for starting any type of chemical reaction. With a low energy requirement for activation, the reaction takes place faster. The overall performance of an enzyme depends on various factors, such as temperature, pH, cofactors, activators and inhibitors. Inver tase is an enzyme which is usually found in plants. It acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of sucrose.Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked by a glycosidic bond. When this bond is cleaved in a hydrolysis reaction, an equal amount of glucose and fructose. Invertase is a significant enzyme because glucose is an important product of photosynthesis. Invertase is also used in the confectionery industry where fructose is preferred over sucrose because it is sweeter and does not crystallize easily.Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. Extreme pH values generally result in loss of activity for most enzymes. Furthermore, there is a most favorable pH for enzyme – the point where the enzyme is most active. This point is known as the optimal pH. The aim of this experiment is to find out the range of pH which invertase is effective. The objectives of this experiment  are: to extract invertase from Baker’s Yeast and to determine the effects of change s in pH on reaction rates of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.MATERIALSThe materials used in this experiment are: Baker’s Yeast, Sucrose Standard Solution (100 mg/L), Concentrated HCl, 0.5 M KOH, DNS reagent, 0.1 M buffer solutions (pH 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), ucrose solution (10 g/L), test tubes, pipets, beakers, volumetric flasks, paraffin film, hot plate and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer.METHODOLOGYExtraction of invertase from yeastTo extract the invertase from Baker’s Yeast, 0.25 g of it was dissolved in distilled water to make a 250-mL solution. When the solution is prepared (complete dissolvation of Baker’s Yeast) it is then allowed to stand for 20 minutes at room temperature. Provided that the sediments form, the supernatant must be collected as it will be used as the enzyme stock solution that will be used in the succeeding experiment. Sucrose Assay Using Dinitrosalicylic Colorimetric MethodIn preparation of this part of the experiment, a series of test tubes were pre pared as follows: Tube No. Blank 1 2 3 4 5 6 mL sucrose std. solution 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 mL distilled water 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25After, 3 drops of concentrated HCl (0.05mL) were introduced to each test tube. Noted that the tubes were mixed well and then incubated after at a 90 degrees Celsius water bath for 5 minutes. After the incubation, 0.15 mL of 0.5 M KOH was added to neutralize the solution. Another 2.80 mL of 0.1 M buffer solution at pH 5 were added, then the solution was mixed well again. Then, 3 mL of DNS reagent was added before the test tubes were immersed in a water bath at 95 degree Celsius for 10 minutes to develop the characteristics of a red-brown colour solution. After cooling, the solution were subjected into spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 540 nm. Effect of pH on Invertase ActivityIn finding the effect of pH on invertase activity, six numbered test tubes were prepared with 2.90 mL appropriate 0.1 M buffer solution as shown below: Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH buffer solution 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.9 1.11Then, 0.10 mL enzyme stock solution was added to each test tube. After mixing thoroughly, all test tubes were incubated in 60 degrees Celsius water bath for 5 minutes. When the time was right, another 1.50 mL of sucrose was added. The solution was then incubated again and treated to the same water bath for the same amount of time, 5 minutes. Then, 3 mL of DNS reagent was added before immersing the solution in a water bath (95 degrees Celsius) for 10 minutes until the solution turns into a red-brown colour solution. After cooling the first test tube, blank solutions were prepared by following steps 1-4 again, but instead of using the enzyme stock solution, denatured enzyme was added. All the test tubes containing the solution were then subjected to spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 540 nm.EXPERIMENTALSucrose Assay Using Dinitrosalicylic Colorimetric MethodA. Materials used Sucrose Standard Solution, D istilled Water, Concentrated HCl, 0.5 M KOH, 0.1 M Buffer Solution, DNS Reagent, and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. B. Procedure After collecting the supernatant from the enzyme stock solution, each test tube were introduced to 3 drops of conc. HCl before incubating at 90oC water bath for 5 minutes. 0.5 M KOH was then added to neutralize. Then, 2.80 mL of 0.1 M buffer solution was added before the solution was introduced to DNS reagent. The solution was in water bath at 950C for 10 minutes (until it is a red-brown solution). After cooling, it is subjected to spectrophotometry to measure absorbance at 540 nm. Effect of pH on Invertase ActivityA. Materials usedBuffer Solution, Enzyme Stock Solution, 1.50 Sucrose Solution, 3 mL DNS Reagent, Test Tubes, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry.B. ProcedureAfter preparing the required test tubes, they were introduced with 0.10 mL enzyme stock solution before being incubated for 5 minutes in a water bath at 600C. Then, 1.50 mL sucrose solution was added befor e the solution was incubated again for 5 minutes in a water bath with the same temperature. After cooling, 3 mL DNS reagent was added before immersing the test tubes  again in a water bath at 950C until the red-brown color appears. Repeat steps 1-4 but this time, instead of adding the enzyme stock solution, add the denatured enzyme. After all the test tubes were prepared, they were sunjected to UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to measure absorbance at 540 nm.Image 1. The red-brown coloration after water bathRESULTSSucrose Assay Using Dinitrosalicylic Colorimetric Method The following table shows the results from the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer of Sucrose Assay using DNS Colorimetric Method:Test Tube No. Amount of Acid-Hydrolized Sucrose Absorbance Blank 0.0 0.000 A 1 0.56 0.335 A 2 1.11 -0.456 A 3 1.67 1.248 A 4 2.22 1.800 A 5 2.78 -0.238 A 6 3.33 -0.319 A Table 1. Results of Sucrose Assay using DNS Colorimetric Method The students were also asked to plot the hydrolized-sucrose standard curv e by plotting Absorbance against Concentration (mg/mL)Chart 1. Standard Curve of Absorbance against Concentration.Effect of pH on Invertase Activity The following table shows the results from the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer in respect to the Effect of pH on Invertase Activity:pH Amount of Acid-Hydrolized Sucrose Absorbance Blank 0.0 0.000 A 3.87 2.02 0.162 A 4.0 9.12 0.78 A 5.5 12.6 0.975 A 7.3 1.883 0.151 A 10.55 9.33 0.748 A Table 2. Results of the Effect of pH using Colorimetric Method.

A Plot Summary of a Movie About Cuban Refugees in America

A Plot Summary of a Movie About Cuban Refugees in America In 1980, Fidel Castro sent hundreds of thousands of Cubans from his country on rafts to America. Castro not only sent everyday people to America on boats; he used this as a chance to clear out his crowded jail cells. There was an estimated 25,000 former Cuban inmates that arrived in Florida. Tony Montana is one of the masses of criminals sent by Cuba to America. His only chance to get a green card was to kill Rebenga, a former political leader from Cuba. Montana had no trouble executing the former communist leader. Tony moves to Miami and agrees to do a job for a big time cocaine dealer, Frank Lopez. Frank noticed the good job Tony did for him and in turn wants Montana to continue working for him. Lopez sends him to Bolivia to work on a deal with Sosa, their cocaine supplier. While there Tony seizes an opportunity to go into business for himself. Tony shoots his way to the top of a drug crime family, killing both friend and foe alike. Finally after murdering his boss and marrying his bosss girlfriend, hes crowned drug kingpin. Tony starts having legal problems and rather than do time, his supplier Sosa offered to take care of the court case if Tony would take an assassin with him to New York to eliminate one of his enemies. This was the begging of the end for Tony Montana. The man who was supposed to be eliminated had his wife and kids in the car with him. Tony was against killing women and children but the assassin wouldn’t listen to him; so Tony shot him. Tonys decline was caused by his twisted sense of brotherhood. When Sosa learned of this he was furious. He sent a small army of men to Tony’s home to kill him. Tony didn’t go down easy, but in the end he still went down. Drugs in this movie portrayed money and power. Whoever distributed the drugs had control of the others around him who didn’t. The main goal of many characters in this movie was to get people under you so they can do your dirty work. All major characters in this movie were obsessed with money drugs, and women. Tony’s philosophy was: â€Å"First you get the money, then you get the power, and then you get the women. The unhealthy messages about drugs conveyed in this movie suggest that they are a quick way to make cash but can ultimately be someone’s downfall. Tony’s drug control led to other problems. He couldn’t get his money laundered from his normal banker because the more money Tony gave the banker, the higher the interest charge he would receive in return. Tony’s best friend set up a meeting with a different banker; who happened to be an undercover police officer. Drugs are also portrayed as a way to get women. Elvira, the woman of Tony’s obsession, went from one boyfriend to another based on who could supply her cocaine addiction. In one particular scene Frank tells Tony the two key rules to success in the drug business. Rule number one is to â€Å"never underestimate the other guys greed.† Rule number two is to â€Å"never get high on your own supply.† This came back to haunt Tony because later in the movie Frank hired two hitters to take Tony out right during a performance by octavio the clown. Just when octavio was waddling around the stage, the hitters opened fire. Luckily for Tony, they werent great shots. Tony managed to evade them and escaped through the door. Tony knew it was Frank. The only thing to do was to strike back. So, he went right over to Franks. Frank denied any involvement. He said it was the Diaz brothers. Tony wasnt fooled and Frank cracked. He admitted to what he did and knelt down and groveled at Tonys feet. Tony ordered his death. The last scene was the most memorable because Tony had crossed Sosa, the powerful cocaine supplier and Sosa sent his army to execute Tony. Tony was so doped up on cocaine that he took seven or eight shots in the chest and didn’t feel any pain. He made the statement: â€Å"Your bullets can’t hurt me.† It took a shotgun blast in the back to finally kill Tony. Tony’s death was as violent as his life. I would definitely recommend this movie to others, especially if they’re the kind of person who enjoys violent, action-packed movies. was very realistic and shows how a Cuban refugee could have climbed up ladder to become a very powerful drug dealer. This film was very violent and bloody. Compared to some films today, the violence isn’t as bad as people thought it was in 1983. One of my favorite scenes in the movie is when Tony’s friend Angel is getting cut into pieces with a chainsaw. The blood splatters everywhere. The music in this film sometimes seemed lifeless and boring. When you take into consideration that it was made almost eighteen years ago, the music doesn’t sound too bad. I think Frank Lopez’s first rule of how to succeed applies to every aspect of your business life. Because no matter how bad you may want something, there’s always going to be someone else who wants it more than you.

Elements of pricing in marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elements of pricing in marketing - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that people make choices of different products and these choices are often resolved by the free play of market forces, and in this case it can be said that the resources are allocated through the price mechanism. This means that the individuals as consumers freely choose which goods and services they can purchase and the producers on the other hand freely decide which goods and services they will provide. In short, the price mechanism plays a significant role in influencing the consumers to purchase a product. As such, this paper seeks to explain the mechanisms that can be implemented in order to get the customers pay more for a product. Reference will be made to a cooling device for removing heat from subcutaneous lipid-rich cells US 8337539 B2. Statistics have indicated that excessive fat deposits in the body are detrimental to health since they increase the chances of developing diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, osteoa rthrosis, bronchitis, hypertension, diabetes, deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, varicose veins, gallstones, hernias, and several other conditions. Other methods such as liposuction have proved to be less effective in dealing with the problem which has resulted in the development of a new product. This cooling device has two cooling elements rotatable relative to each other and has proved to be very effective and can provide a lasting solution to the above mentioned problem.

Does the balance of power maintain international order rather than Essay

Does the balance of power maintain international order rather than peace - Essay Example Thus, the alliance of countries that shifts the balance of power is usually motivated by self interests rather than peace (Claude, 1989). Balance of power ensures that each country maximizes its security and thus effectively leading to international order. The other motivation for balance of power is the prevention of hegemony. No state desires to see another power exercising complete influence on it or others. Thus, nations may form alliances so as to neutralize the emergency of hegemony. The result is that the alliances countercheck each other and as a result there is international order. It should be noted that peace is attained on condition that the creation of hegemony is averted (Freedman, 1989). In some instances, balance of power is a core component of peace. This is evident in situations where the defeat of a Great Power results in a power vacuum. In order to prevent any other country from gaining extreme influence, the defeated power may be shown leniency so as to preserve peace. In conclusion, it is evident that the main motivating factor for balance of power is to maintain order. Countries form alliances in order to guarantee their own survival. Introduction Balance of power is a concept that forms a core part of international relationships. ... Theories have been fronted to explain the concept of balance of power and its origins. According to Bass, a state may respond to a threat in its national security by joining forces with other threatened states. This leads to formation of alliances that cause a shift in the dynamics of power. Although it is difficult to measure â€Å"power† in absolute terms, shifting of political alliances usually play a critical role the amount of influence that a nation or nations exercise internationally (Claude, pp. 80-81). As such, the countries are engaged in theatrics to continually counter check each other in terms of the power that they wield against each other. On the other hand, balance of power may be taken as a system or guide to policy making in international relationships. Butterfield (1966) suggests that balance of power is an organic and natural response of individual states to the dynamics of politics on the international scale. In essence, balance of power is a methodology f or self preservation which may not be necessary be motivated by a current threat (Henrikson, 1981 p. 157). This essay aims to discuss the role of balance of power in international relationships among countries. It evaluates critically how balance of power relates to international order and peace in the globe. Various historical scenes are evaluated to give a clear illustration of how balance of power shaped the political landscapes world. Balance of power for international order and peace The international political landscape is inevitably dynamic and prone to various rapid changes. Therefore, countries continually seek to find ways of strengthening themselves so as to be a good position to attain their interests of prosperity. In the process of strengthening themselves